Search Results

Common kitchen baking soda, sodium bicarbonate, has many versatile uses throughout the home. It is currently mined at some expense for sale, however it has also been able to be formed from industry exhaust along with hydrogen and chloride. The initial cost to add the collecting device to smoke stacks would be an investment however selling the hydrogen and chloride could offset cost and baking soda is fairly inexpensive but might also be able to be sold. The amount of baking soda that would be sequestered from all the potential smoke stacks would be far more than the current market for household baking soda however even if it couldn't be sold there would be advantages over the current smoke exhaust cleaning systems. Currently carbon dioxide is collected from power plant smoke stack/flue exhaust in a liquid form which then might leak from what ever is stored in and reach the atmosphere or ground water anyway. Solid crystalline baking soda could be stored as a solid and might even be able to be used within construction if large quantities were produced. For more details and some ideas for how baking soda can be useful throughout the home or garage (can help soak up oil spills from a concrete floor) see: Can baking soda save the environment? by Julia Layton, HowStuffWorks. How much sodium bicarbonate might be produced per power plant using the new technology? "A single large coal-, gas- or oil-fired power plant produces more than 300,000 tons of CO2 in a year. Pass that CO2 through SkyMine, and you've got yourself more than 600,000 tons of baking soda. And there are more than 10,000 of those power plants in the United States [source: EIA]." "As opposed to liquids and gases, solids are a cinch to store. Baking soda is stable. Used as coal-mine filler or dumped in landfills, it's not going to pollute the soil or leak into the air." HowStuffWorks. In many areas sand for construction purposes is in short supply, if excess sodium bicarbonate was available it might also be useful within the construction industry for some purposes. For a thorough description of the current use of sodium bicarbonate in a variety of industries see: Sodium Bicarbonate, Chemical Economics Handbook, (4). Baking soda is alkaline and can be used to adjust the pH/acidity of a substance. Within the fishing industry it is used as an anesthetic to calm fish during transport. (1, 2, 3) Adding it directly to an overly acidic ocean however would just be adding more carbon dioxide to the ocean. Anesthetizing fish for more humane transport is humane, anesthetizing the ocean is not. So converting global warming gases into sodium bicarbonate seems much better than allowing it to reach the atmosphere or ocean. Other chemicals that have been considered for use in the ocean: Is there any other mineral oxides that might help re-oxygenate the ocean without anesthetizing fish, or causing unwanted algal blooms? Lime is also alkaline and can reduce acidity and neutralize carbon dioxide (CO2) in ocean water, the negative to the idea is availability of lime. The production of lime, "calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)­" causes some carbon dioxide to be produced. (6) So the SkyMine smoke exhaust technology, HowStuffWorks, might help with that, or lime might not be the best idea available. Iron oxide has also been discussed as a way to increase growth in the ocean - the negative might be too much growth of algal blooms leading to decomposition and lack of oxygen, and the experimental trials have shown it increases dimethyl sulfide in the atmosphere which can have a cooling effect on the atmosphere (7) but do we want more dimethyl sulfide in the atmosphere? Other concerns regarding the idea of increasing phytoplankton growth with the addition of iron to ocean waters include the increased production of other global warming gases, "nitrous oxide and methane, two greenhouse gases [source: Haiken]" and "chemicals called methyl halides, which erode the ozone layer." (7) From Wikipedia: "Most coastal waters are replete with iron and adding more has no useful effect." Increased fertilization occurs naturally with upwelling from deeper layers of ocean water (8), so the upwelling tube idea in the previous post would also be a way to increase iron and other nutrients without needing to add anything extra to the ocean. Magnesium hydroxide is also alkaline and is used in the treatment of water and wastewater. (9) Magnesium would be expensive to add to the ocean in bulk, but ocean health produces jobs and food when fish supplies are numerous. The ocean plankton also produce a significant percentage of our atmospheric oxygen, so a healthy ocean means healthy air for all of us who breath oxygen, unlike the sulfur loving bacteria who don't need it and don't produce it. The series: 1. Oceans need oxygen, 2. Oxygenating the ocean's dead zone, 3. Non-traditional windmills can increase efficiency, 4. Upwelling tubes, hurricanes, and mussels. 5. Baking Soda to the rescue! - Yes really. 6. Supplementing the Ocean, 7. Mussels - Delicious and Sustainable. 8. The big picture of climate change is bigger than businesses may consider. 9. Inventions Occur in Stages. 10. Stacked Horizontal Turbines. The series in one document, minimal images, on Google-docs: (Oxygenating the Ocean). /Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use./ References: Tülay Altun, Ramazan Bilgin, Durali Danabaş Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate on Anaesthesia of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) Juveniles, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 9: 29-31 (2009) https://www.dropbox.com/s/8m86qp0adpuggcf/pdf_725.pdf?dl=0 Dr. Lydia A. Brown, Anaesthesia for fish, PHARMAQ Ltd, VIETFISH Vol 8 Issue 2 MAR/APR 2011, https://www.dropbox.com/s/3ienl00ypphlnij/2011_aquaculture_anasthesia_lydia.pdf?dl=0 Kelvin Chai, What is the purpose of adding sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) into clean water prepared for live fish transportation? (pdf links, 1 & 2, provided by Salah Mahdi Najim, University of Basrah) https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_purpose_of_adding_sodium_bicarbonate_baking_soda_into_clean_water_prepared_for_live_fish_transportation Sodium Bicarbonate, Chemical Economics Handbook, (CEH), IHS Markit, https://ihsmarkit.com/products/sodium-bicarbonate-chemical-economics-handbook.html Julia Layton, Can baking soda save the environment?, HowStuffWorks, https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/baking-soda-save-environment.htm. Maria Trimarchi, How could adding lime to seawater cut atmospheric CO2? HowStuffWorks, https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/lime-seawater1.htm Jennifer Horton, How can adding iron to the oceans slow global warming? HowStuffWorks, https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/iron-sulfate-slow-global-warming.htm Iron Fertilization, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_fertilization Wastewater and Water Management, Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialities, LLC, https://magnesiaspecialties.com/category/wastewater-and-water-treatment/

Placing giant tubes in the oceans has been theorized as a possible way to increase upward flow of nutrient rich colder water from deep layers of the ocean into warmer sunlit zones where algae can grow. Algae are plants that use carbon dioxide and create oxygen. The movement of water through the giant tubes would be powered by waves and theoretically reduce the risk of hurricane level storms by redirecting wave energy. (1) Potential negatives would be that part of the reason oxygen free zones have occurred is due to excess algae blooms, which then die off in mass once the extra supply of nutrients are used. The dead algae are then decomposed by bacteria that use oxygen in the process - leaving an oxygen free zone. So a possible solution might be to combine mussel aquaculture within the area where the giant tubes are placed. The tubes would be anchored to bottom of the ocean and stabilized at the top with floating buoys. (1) Other floating buoys could be holding dangling strings of mussel shellfish. The series: 1. Oceans need oxygen, 2. Oxygenating the ocean's dead zone, 3. Non-traditional windmills can increase efficiency, 4. Upwelling tubes, hurricanes, and mussels. 5. Baking Soda to the rescue! - Yes really. 6. Supplementing the Ocean, 7. Mussels - Delicious and Sustainable. 8. The big picture of climate change is bigger than businesses may consider. 9. Inventions Occur in Stages. 10. Stacked Horizontal Turbines. The series in one document, minimal images, on Google-docs: (Oxygenating the Ocean). Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational purposes within guidelines of fair use. References: Jennifer Horton, Why do some scientists want to scatter tubes throughout the open ocean?, HowStuffWorks, https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/ocean-pipes.htm

Smaller windmills placed within horizontal ducts can capture more of the wind power and may be able to be constructed without needing gears that have to be maintained with a coating of grease (discussed in the last post: Oxygenating the oceans dead zones, a continuation of the first in this series, Oceans need oxygen, which contains a list of reference links.) Horizontal duct work wind turbines could be made in ways that reduce low level noise and vibrations of the very large modern three blade windmills and therefore could be used on top of residential or office buildings to aid in sustainable energy production and/or power air ventilation systems for the buildings. For details see: A Ducted Horizontal Wind Turbine for Efficient Generation, I.H. Al-Bahadly and A.F.T. Petersen Massey University New Zealand, http://cdn.intechweb.org/pdfs/14798.pdf. The paper includes a brief history of windmills. Early windmills were generally used to power the pumping of water from ground water sources - roughly - a well with wind power instead of a human cranking up a bucket of water attached to a rope. An electric fan for circulating air around a room or exhausting hot air out of a building or from the interior of a machine (to prevent overheating) is similar to a windmill, in reverse which is obvious to see if the electric fan is off and a strong breeze happens to turn its blades. Ductwork turbines are like electric fans within a funnel shaped tube. The funnel captures breeze and the turbine can convert the power into electricity or some other motion depending on the machine design. The air that leaves the other end of the duct is slower in motion due to passing through the turbine fan blades. Wave turbines have been created that capture the energy of ocean waves and convert it into power. It seems to me that it would be possible to have a turbine ducting system that uses wind, or possibly wave power, to direct air downwards into the depths of the oxygen free areas of the Baltic Sea or Pacific Ocean or wherever bodies of water have developed low oxygen or oxygen free zones. Pistons also work within a tube like cylinder and provide power for things like car engines. They are more helpful for types of power that can be intermittent bursts rather than smooth continual motion as the piston action is a back and forth motion involving a coiled spring moving a column of compressed air. (Pneumatics Actuators, http://cdn.intechweb.org/pdfs/14798.pdf) Pressure increases in deeper parts of a lake, sea, or ocean. Piping used in deeper water has to be very strong to withstand the pressure of the surrounding water. If the goal was to pump oxygen rich air downward the pipe would need to be strong enough to not collapse from the surrounding water pressure. Outlets for air release at different depths might need to use different pipes so that maximal downward force was retained to reach the deeper part of the ocean (a leaky pipe might not have much oxygen or compression power left by the time it reached the lowest part of the pipe.) (To be continued.) The series: 1. Oceans need oxygen, 2. Oxygenating the ocean's dead zone, 3. Non-traditional windmills can increase efficiency, 4. Upwelling tubes, hurricanes, and mussels. 5. Baking Soda to the rescue! - Yes really. 6. Supplementing the Ocean, 7. Mussels - Delicious and Sustainable. 8. The big picture of climate change is bigger than businesses may consider. 9. Inventions Occur in Stages. 10. Stacked Horizontal Turbines. The series in one document, minimal images, on Google-docs: (Oxygenating the Ocean). /Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use./

Oceans need oxygen to support fish and marine mammals and to help keep a balance of other types of life. Areas of the ocean where oxygen has been depleted don't support typical species and instead may shift to sulfur loving bacteria which don't need oxygen - and don't produce it like other photosynthesizing algae or sea plants. This is a continuation of a previous post, references are in the first in the series: Oceans need oxygen. Sulfur loving bacteria ruled the Earth - in a way for hundreds of thousands or billions of years in early stages of Earth's history. (11) They grow in oxygen free areas in a variety of temperatures and ranges of pH (acidity/alkalinity). They can thrive in hotter or more acidic environments than many species that are currently a larger part of the marine environment. Species also commonly exist in more alkaline, brackish, waters and bogs, and some types even survive in ice covered areas of Antarctica. Some types are useful in sewage treatment. (10) The Baltic Sea is an extension of the Atlantic Ocean but with less direct circulation due to land masses that surround it. Mankind has been living in areas surrounding the Baltic Sea for centuries and farming and fishing have led to changes in fish species and an oxygen free, dead zone, has been expanding in size towards the center. Sulfur loving bacteria have been growing in the oxygen free area as other species have died off or swam away. The nations in the surrounding area have made significant progress towards protecting the Baltic Sea and yet will it be enough to stop the oxygen free zone from continuing to expand? Simple solutions include decreasing agricultural and landscaping use of fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus and/or farmed aquaculture that uses the extra nutrients. Excess agricultural nutrients can run-off into the sea and lead to the algal blooms which die off, and which then provide nutrients for decomposition bacteria which use up any available oxygen in the process of consuming the algae nutrients. More precise timing of fertilizer application and methods of applying it can help reduce the risk of excess run-off - the plants use more during some stages of growth than others, and when it is more available to the roots, within the soil rather than just on the surface. Aquatic farming of mussels, shellfish smaller than oysters, and more tolerant of slightly acidic waters than oysters, has been found to be a relatively easy way to produce a protein rich food for humans which grows from the excess nitrogen and phosphorus of agricultural runoff. Other farmed fish require grain feed or smaller fish products that have to caught and fed to the farmed species (ring like barriers are used within open ocean waters to keep the farmed species in a contained area). Aquatic planting of seaweed beds or seagrasses also can be a way to use the extra nutrients. The seaweed can be farmed for human use and both seaweed and seagrasses can provide habitats for other small marine life and protect coastal areas from some erosion risk and help buffer the area against waves. These ideas are being used in various areas already. A more direct solution for the oxygen free zones where sulfur loving bacteria have started to take over may be more expensive but allowing the problem to get worse may be more expensive. The Baltic Sea would make a smaller test ground to try ideas that might then be helpful in areas of the Pacific Ocean where oxygen free zones have also been found. Adding oxygen - so simple, yet how? Fish tanks use a pump with tubing to draw air from the exterior down into the base of the tank where it then bubbles upward. Question - could marine based windmills be used to power an underwater oxygen bubbling system? I like windmills - previous ideas: Imagining Windmills: Solar Sail Revolving Ones. The current large three blade windmills have been found to need large amounts of grease for maintenance of the spinning mechanism applied to help keep the gears working smoothly. Each of those windmill blades are very big, longer than a semi truck, it may be an overestimate but in the image below the windmill blade next to the building looks like it might be three to four times taller than the three story building. Each of the three windmill blades on modern windmills are very, very tall. The internal gear mechanisms need barrels of grease applied on a regular maintenance schedule in order for the mechanism to continue working properly and to prevent break down from excess friction. (To be continued.) The series: 1. Oceans need oxygen, 2. Oxygenating the ocean's dead zone, 3. Non-traditional windmills can increase efficiency, 4. Upwelling tubes, hurricanes, and mussels. 5. Baking Soda to the rescue! - Yes really. 6. Supplementing the Ocean, 7. Mussels - Delicious and Sustainable. 8. The big picture of climate change is bigger than businesses may consider. 9. Inventions Occur in Stages. 10. Stacked Horizontal Turbines. The series in one document, minimal images, on Google-docs: (Oxygenating the Ocean). /Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use./

Oceans need oxygen and humans do too. Humans also need the oceans as a source of food, and as part of the water cycle, and as a producer of oxygen. Ocean plankton include plant like microorganisms and larger seaweeds and sea grasses which use CO2 and release oxygen. They help protect the atmosphere by removing much of the increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) however the capacity of the oceans to continue removing CO2 depends on the life forms remaining in balance with each other. Increasing temperature and increasing acidity levels from dissolved CO2 that hasn't been used by the plankton or seaplants can make the ocean environment inhabitable for species that survive only within a certain temperature or acidity level. The oceans have a problem - people. Increasing amounts of nutrient rich run-off from agriculture or untreated sewage is leading to algae overgrowth, which then dies off when the nutrients are used up, and the dead algae cause an increase in growth of decomposition bacteria that use up the available oxygen - which then leaves no oxygen in the area for other fish or aquatic mammals such as dolphins and whales. Imagine the oceans as giant fish tanks. Fish tanks need oxygen, food, and waste removal: air bubblers with tubing and a pump. fish food added by humans waste removal by humans cleaning the fish tank regularly or by including fish or snails that eat algae and other decomposing waste. Life on Earth depends on ocean health - if we want to continue with business as usual, then we need to protect life in the oceans. We need to start acting like the planet and ocean are our home - because it is - we are part of the fish in the larger fish tank of the whole planet. (To be continued - with an idea for aerating the oceans). The series: 1. Oceans need oxygen, 2. Oxygenating the ocean's dead zone, 3. Non-traditional windmills can increase efficiency, 4. Upwelling tubes, hurricanes, and mussels. 5. Baking Soda to the rescue! - Yes really. 6. Supplementing the Ocean, 7. Mussels - Delicious and Sustainable. 8. The big picture of climate change is bigger than businesses may consider. 9. Inventions Occur in Stages. 10. Stacked Horizontal Turbines. The series in one document, minimal images, on Google-docs: (Oxygenating the Ocean). References for more information: A New Study About the World’s Worst Mass Extinction Should Make You Very Nervous for Our Future, Jackie Flynn Mogensen, Dec 6, 2018, Mother Jones, https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2018/12/study-the-great-dying-global-warming-reveals-climate-future/ Communities of purple sulfur bacteria in a Baltic Sea coastal lagoon analyzed by puf LM gene libraries and the impact of temperature and NaCl concentration in experimental enrichment cultures. Tank M, Blumel M, Imhoff JF, FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2011 Dec;78(3):428-38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22066777 Oxygen depletion in the Baltic Sea is ten times worse than a century ago, Aarhus University, March 31, 2014, Science Daily, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140331153616.htm The Baltic Sea as a time machine for the future coastal ocean, Thorsten B. H. Reusch et al., Science Advances  09 May 2018: Vol. 4, no. 5, eaar8195, http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/5/eaar8195 This Little-Known Sea Is a Grim Preview of What Global Warming Will Do to Oceans, Luisa Beck, Washington Post, Dec. 3, 2018, reposted by Science Alert, https://www.sciencealert.com/insane-baltic-sea-warming-is-a-sign-of-things-to-come UN agrees to nine marine ecologically significant areas in the Baltic Sea, Nov. 30, 2018, Port News, http://en.portnews.ru/news/268613/ Building Capacity for Natural Ecosystem Assessment, Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD/COP/14/INF/28, 9 Nov. 2018 https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/df6e/7f7b/9566e08f75b126e85fd13f8c/cop-14-inf-28-en.pdf Developing Indicators for the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Lessons from the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership, Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD/COP/14/INF/40, 12 Nov. 2018 https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/7217/00d0/a9328110a490b7a8957a0cd9/cop-14-inf-40-en.pdf Safeguarding Space (terrestrial water and marine preserves) for Nature and Securing Our Future: Developing a Post-2020 Strategy, Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD/COP/14/INF/25,1 Nov. 2018, https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/82c6/858d/3d0ba112897e7688df893ce4/cop-14-inf-25-en.pdf Madigan, Michael & Jung, Deborah. (2008). An Overview of Purple Bacteria: Systematics, Physiology, and Habitats. 10.1007/978-1-4020-8815-5_1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226476437_An_Overview_of_Purple_Bacteria_Systematics_Physiology_and_Habitats Ancient Rocks Hold Evidence for Life Before Oxygen, University of Cincinnati, Nov. 29, 2016, Science Daily, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161129144840.htm

One Earth - One Ocean (OEOO) is an environmental organization focused on ocean health. The group is based in Munich, Germany with other international locations. Reducing and cleaning up plastic pollution is necessary for marine life and human health. The full risk of hormonal effects to humans or marine life are not well understood yet The organization has been building a fleet of various size vessels to gather plastic from coastal waters or the open ocean and then process it into recyclable plastic or fuel. Small raft like vehicles that can be self propelled/automated collect and bag plastic in coastal areas and leave it floating with a GPS location sensor. Slightly larger vessels collect the bags and deliver them to the tanker that is also a processing plant for sorting the plastics and making recycled plastic pellets or fuel out of the different types. (oneearth-oneocean.com) Along with the company DEUREX, the group OEOO has developed PURE baled wadding an award winning oil absorbing fiber. The fiber floats, absorbing oil spills, and it can then be gathered up from the surface of the water and reused after the oil is squeezed out - like a sponge designed specifically to absorb oil spills instead of absorbing water. (oneearth-oneocean.com) By the year 2050 at the current rate of plastic pollution it is estimated that there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish (estimated by weight in tons). It can take 450 years for plastic to fully break down, long before that it breaks apart into small particles of plastic. Larger pieces are taken as food by marine animals and build up in the animal's bodies leading to premature death due to blockage of their digestive systems. The microparticle size pieces enter the food chain within microorganisms or small marine species or within the bodies of filter feeding animals such as whales. Microplastics Endanger Whales and Sharks (and smaller filter feeders) (dw.com) Bioplastics is a new industry working on different types of plastics which are still more expensive than the current fossil fuel based plastic. The new plastics being developed are of different types, some based on non fossil fuel products such as sugar or vegetable oil, some that biodegrade readily, and some that are based on non fossil fuel products and which biodegrade easily. The types that don't biodegrade readily need to be recycled and processed separately from fossil fuel based plastics. Could Bio-Plastics Help Ease Single-Use Plastic Waste? (Morgan Stanley) Disclaimer: Information is provided for educational purposes within guidelines of fair use.

Goals help direct our day's actions towards a future we hope to see. I hope to see a healthy and happy future with humans sustainably coexisting with many species of plants, animals and marine life. We have lost many species already due to overhunting or destruction of their ecosystem. I share ideas in the hope that it might help reach that healthy happy future. I share ideas in draft forms and in more organized forms as time allows and as I learn of easier tech tools. My own existence is not guaranteed. We have today and hopefully tomorrow and next year but I have had enough car accidents and health problems to know that I have today. I drive defensively, depending on road and weather conditions, and try to remain within the flow of traffic, but you never know what might happen. So I write down ideas as I have them in case tomorrow I can't. During the worst of my hyperthyroid symptoms my body was physically jittery and my handwriting was shaky - my thoughts were too. It seemed like I couldn't think all the way through a sentence let alone a paragraph - a more specific example - I've baked quick breads since childhood and professionally at several bakeries and as a mother for years but with the jittery hyperthyroidism the task seemed overwhelming. Just listing the tools I would need to bake something was more than I could handle, I knew I would need a bowl, ----- and a measuring cup, ------- and some other stuff ----- and a bunch of ingredients, -------- and a sense of being overwhelmed would occur, along with an underlying recognition that normal me would have been able to make a batch of pancakes or muffins or banana bread practically in my sleep - what was wrong with me? It was scary. It was never really explained to me just how severe the mental effects of hyperthyroidism could be. I didn't bake during that phase of my life. I made rice in a rice cooker, requiring a measuring cup, rice, and filling the pot to the premarked line with water - it was the least I could do, it was the most that I could do at the time, and responsibilities require work, people need food even at the worst of times. I learned to always use the stove timer when heating things, burning pots or pans due to forgetfulness happened a few times. The rice cooker had it's own sensor and would automatically go to a warming mode. When I got better and could think farther than a bowl and a measuring cup I started writing down recipes more often. I had a long history of just making things based on ratios of the basic ingredients with variations and would hear, "that was good do you have a recipe?" No, not usually. It takes some work to standardize a recipe, making it a few times with careful measurements to see if you can replicate the "that was good" result. I have today, I try to do what I can today. because I don't know what tomorrow might bring. Nonprofit organization in support of children with limited life expectancy - making each day as special as possible: The Paisley Mae Foundation, wehavetoday.org. Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational purposes within guidelines of fair use.

"The earth has music for those who listen." - William Shakespeare The Schumann resonance is a vibration that some might call the pulse of Mother Earth others might call a humming sound. Human health is somewhat in tune with the low level vibration and the frequency has been changing. What effect that might have if any is unknown. The electromagnetic field surrounding the Earth is thought to be a source of the vibration with affects by other physical aspects of the planet and atmosphere. See: The Schumann Resonance Does Affect Our Health - Pulse of Mother Earth is Powerful, (MessageToEagle.com) The hum was first measured within the depths of the ocean last year. Scientists believe part of the sound is caused by ocean waves pounding rhythmically on coastal plates on the ocean floor. See: Scientist's Capture Earth's 'Hum' on Ocean Floor. (ScienceAlert). /Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use.

One Earth is a newly created academic research journal by Cell Press which is accepting research in a range of fields with the common goal of a more sustainable present and future. Register to get updates about publications or to submit your own research paper for consideration. (cell.com/one-earth/home) With registration to Cell Press free access to annual collections of frequently accessed articles from a variety of academic journals are available for free download in Best Of (cell.com/bestof) or Selections: (cell.com/selections). Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use.

Specializing in tasks is allowed by larger societies. In early parts of history hunter/gatherers or pioneers or other explorers had to do a large variety of tasks for themselves. Specialization in skill set was seen in early hunter/gatherer society with division of childcare and gathering primarily performed by women and hunting on more distant trips performed primarily by men. Both tasks were essential for providing a balanced diet with adequate protein, fats, calories and trace nutrients. Gathering of seeds and plants provided more calories and consistent supplies of food while hunting provided additional protein and fats on a less consistent basis. Different skill sets may have been reinforced by this division of labor. Women may have increased patience for routine tasks that require attention to detail and men may have increased abilities for working within a team that requires rapid decisions to pursue a prey or run from or fight a larger predator. Differences are varied on an individual basis, tendencies of a group as a whole do not mean individuals are consistently the same. Having varied individuals on a team can bring a wider range of experience into brainstorming and prioritizing which ideas to explore further. Specializing can allow individuals to focus on fewer areas of study expanding on their strengths and others in the team can provide the skills that may be weaknesses for other members of the team. Over focusing, over specialization by an individual or team may inhibit creativity. Variety within a team or within the variety of information that individuals learn may encourage creatively reaching new insights. Albert Einstein work in physics included information based in the new discoveries of electric lights which was his family's area of business and his first significant job was in a Patent office at a time when railroad and synchronization of clocks for accurate time schedules for the train industry were new discoveries. Arthur Koestler was also a scientist known for innovation and also known as a creative writer of fiction. Ideas generally grow from a collection of other ideas. For more information: Brent Kious, Hunter-gatherer Nutrition and Its Implications for Modern Societies, Nutrition Noteworthy 5(1) 2002, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4wc9g8g4 (11.7) 11: What is Gender Discrimination?: 11.3: Sex-based Discrimination may also be seen in differences in pay & leadership roles., effectivecare.info. Understanding Einstein: The Special Theory of Relativity, Coursera/Stanford, coursera.org. Astride the Two Cultures: Arthur Koestler at 70, KirkusReviews.com. How Green Roofs Can Protect City Streets from Flooding, Aug. 21, 2017, theconversation.com. William Moss, Reducing Urban Flooding, The National Gardening Association, Garden.org. /Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use./